Rohan's Love for Matrix

    Fast Doubling method to find nth Fibonacci number

Rohan has a special love for the matrices especially for the first element of the matrix. Being good at Mathematics, he also loves to solve the different problem on the matrices. So one day he started to multiply the matrix with the original matrix.  The elements of the original matrix are given by

a₀₀=1 , a₀₁=1, a₁₀=1, a₁₁=0.

Given the power of the matrix, n calculate the aⁿ and print the a₁₀ element mod 1000000007.

As n gets larger, it takes hours,days,months,years,decades and so on for increasing n.

So the question is can we optimise it? Do we have methods to find nth Fibonacci number in less than a second?

Yes. We have few methods to do this. Out of them matrix exponentiation is most commonly used concept. Another well known concept is fast doubling method, which we are going to learn now.

Fast doubling is based on two formulae

F(2n) = F(n)[2*F(n+1) – F(n)]
F(2n + 1) = F(n)² + F(n+1)²

Let us consider n starts from 0 and F(0) = 0. So our Fibonacci series would be F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1, F(2) = 1, F(3) = 2, F(4) = 3, F(5) = 5, F(6) = 8 …

For calculating terms, F(2n) & F(2n + 1), lets have a record of F(n) & F(n+1). By following this statement and taking care of equations and data type overflow, code would be as follows.

// CPP program to find n-th Fibonacci number
#include <bits/stdc++.h>

using namespace std;

#define MOD 1000000007;
long long int a,b,c,d;

void fast_fib(long long int n,long long int ans[])
{
    if(n == 0)
    {
        ans[0] = 0;
        ans[1] = 1;
        return;
    }
    fast_fib((n/2),ans);
    a = ans[0];             /* F(n) */
    b = ans[1];             /* F(n+1) */
    c = 2*b - a;
    if(c < 0)
        c += MOD;
    c = (a * c) % MOD;      /* F(2n) */
    d = (a*a + b*b) % MOD;  /* F(2n + 1) */
    if(n%2 == 0)
    {
        ans[0] = c;
        ans[1] = d;
    }
    else
    {
        ans[0] = d;
        ans[1] = c+d;
    }
}

int main()
{
    int t;
    scanf("%d",&t);
    while(t--)
    {
    long long int n;        /* nth value to be found */
    scanf("%lld",&n);
    long long int ans[2]={0};
    fast_fib(n,ans);
    printf("%lld\n", ans[0]);
    }
    return 0;
}